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Unalienable & Inalienable Rights
Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness — declared in the first sentence of the Declaration of Independence as endowments of the Creator that no government may take away. These rights exist prior to any constitution, any statute, and any court ruling.
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Natural Rights
Rights written into the nature of human beings by the Author of nature — discoverable by reason, confirmed by conscience, and binding on every government regardless of what any legislature has enacted. From Cicero to Blackstone to Jefferson, this tradition shaped the founders.
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Unenumerated Rights
The Ninth Amendment declares that the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The founders knew the list was not exhaustive. The convention must name what the Constitution left unnamed.
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Privileges & Immunities
Article IV and the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee that a citizen of one state carries the full privileges and immunities of citizenship into every other state. The freedoms granted under the laws of one state must be enjoyed equally by citizens of every other state. No state may treat a fellow citizen as a lesser person.
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State Rights & Reserved Powers
The Tenth Amendment reserves to the states — and to the people — all powers not delegated to the federal government. States are not administrative subdivisions of Washington. They are sovereign laboratories of self-governance, and their reserved powers are a shield for the liberties of their citizens.
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Interstate Commerce & Equal Treatment
The Commerce Clause was written to ensure that citizens moving between states are not subjected to discriminatory burdens. No state may use its commerce laws to deny a citizen the equal economic freedoms enjoyed by citizens of other states. Commerce must serve liberty, not restrict it.